Many parts of the United States are already experiencing
snow. No matter how cold you are now, the winter of 1886-87 in Montana and the
Midwest was colder. Not only did ranchers lose much of their stock and some
ranchers and cowboys lose their lives, this weather changed the cattle industry
forever.
In the Wild West, cattle were a staple—cattle drives, cattle
towns, cattle herds, cattle ranches. Cattle were king through the 1870s up
until the mid-1880s. The fenceless open range meant grazing land was easy to
come by, so ranchers could own massive herds of cattle. Through much of the
late 1870s and into the 1880s, cooler summers and mild winters meant that
feeding the animals was relatively easy. Grass and feed were typically pretty
plentiful.
Overstocking the Montana range had been the norm since the
early 1880s. Texas and Eastern cattle were shipped or trailed in, joining herds
already feeding on the rich grasses of the northern plains. By fall 1883, about
600,000 head of cattle filled the range, sharing the resources with an equal
number of sheep and a proportionately smaller number of horses. By this time,
the range was at its capacity.
By early 1886 more cattle, which had not yet developed the
ability to withstand rugged Montana winters, filled the range, receiving less
nourishment from the sparse grass. This resulted in more animals grazing on the
same amount of grass, which became thinner, requiring more acres per animal
even as more animals per acre arrived. By 1885 Montana's range showed the
effect of this vicious circle.
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| Open Range |
Rancher Conrad Kohrs noted, "It takes 20 acres on a new range to feed one cow, after the range has
been grazed two years it will take almost 25 acres, and after six years all of
40 acres."
Things were about to get much worse. In 1884, a drought crept
upward from Texas across the Great Plains and reaching Montana in 1886. By September,
some places in Montana and Wyoming had received only two inches of rainfall. Usually
lush grass became sparse. Crops failed. Due to the fertile grass of earlier
years, most ranchers did not put aside hay for winter, so many cows that
weren’t killed by the cold soon died from starvation.
By 1885, beef prices were falling and much of the open range
was overgrazed, mainly because cattle barons had built up herds too large for
the land. But the barons—many of them Europeans—who owned huge swaths of land
from Canada to Mexico, maintained business as usual.
In his annual report of 1886, the commander of Fort McKinney
near Buffalo, Wyoming Territory, wrote, “The
country is full of Texas cattle and there is not a blade of grass within 15
miles of the Post.”
By 1886, the cattle business was in trouble. Overgrazing had
depleted the grasslands, herds of sheep were competing for what remained, and
farmers were beginning to stake off parts of the open range. Beef prices were
falling, and during the hot, dry months of summer, the herds grew thin and
weak. By November 1886, wholesale cattle prices in Chicago fell to $3.16 per
hundredweight, half of what they had been in 1884.
More grass died. Brush fires burned off even more. Water
sources dried up. Other signs pointed to a tough winter ahead—geese going south
earlier, cattle growing thicker fur, beaver stacking more wood for dens.
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| Brush Fire's Destruction |
Following the summer drought disaster came the worst winter
ever recorded. The first snow came on November 13, 1886 and fell continuously
for a month. Then, in January 1887, the temperature dropped even farther, and
blizzards came howling over the prairie, blasting the unsheltered herds. Some
cattle, too weak to stand, were actually blown over. Others died frozen to the
ground. Even buffalo died when their breath froze them to the ground
where they stood. In some instances, people got lost close to their houses and
froze to death very close to their front doors.
“It was all so slow, plunging after them through the deep snow that way..... The horses' feet were cut and bleeding from the heavy crust, and the cattle had the hair and hide wore off their legs to the knees and hocks. It was surely hell to see big four-year-old steers just able to stagger along.” Teddy Blue Abbott
No place was safe—California got nearly four inches of snow in
San Francisco. North Texas and the Panhandle were inundated. Blizzards roared
across the West in January 1887. Temperatures dropped to 30 below in some
places. They hit 43 below the next month. On Jan. 14, 1887, temperatures in Miles
City, Mont., bottomed out at 60 below zero.
The Laramie Daily
Boomerang of Feb. 10, 1887, reported, "The snow on the Lost Soldier division of the Lander and Rawlins stage
route is four feet deep, and frozen so hard that the stages drive over it like
a turnpike."
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| Waiting for a Chinook by Charles Russell |
“Day after day the
snow came down, thawing and then freezing and piling itself higher and higher.
By January the drifts had filled the ravines and coulées almost level,”
remembered Theodore Roosevelt, who was ranching in Medora, Dakota Territory at
the time.
Warm Chinook winds began the thaw by March 1887. Then the
losses of cattle were discovered. A large number of cattle carcasses were
spread across the fields and washed down streams and polluted drinking water. Dead
cattle littered the countryside and bobbed in the freshening rivers. An
estimated hundreds of thousands of cattle carcasses littered the land—many
pushed up against wire fences or lining roads. Total losses went unreported,
but in some areas, up to 90 percent of the herds were wiped out.
“[I saw] countless
carcasses of cattle going down with the ice, rolling over and over as they
went, sometimes with all four stiffened legs pointed skyward. For days on end .
. . went Death's cattle roundup.” Lincoln Lang
By spring, the magnitude of loss was staggering--60% to 95%
in places. The few remaining cattle were in poor health, being emaciated and
suffering from frostbite. Small ranches went out of business. Even some huge
cattle companies declared bankruptcy.
The Conrad Kohrs herds in the Deer Lodge Valley survived. With
a $100,000 loan by Butte banker A.J. Davis, Kohrs was one of the few able to
rebuild. But the disaster foreshadowed the end of the open range cattle era.
John Clay wrote in MY LIFE ON THE RANGE, “As the South Sea bubble burst, as the Dutch
tulip craze dissolved, this cattle gold brick withstood not the snow of winter.
It wasted away under the fierce attacks of a subarctic season aided by summer
drought. For years, you could wander amid the dead brushwood that borders our
streams. In the struggle for existence the cattle had peeled off the bark as if
legions of beavers had been at work.”
Those who tried to carve out a ranch by claiming unbranded
calves ran smack into the old guard cattle barons. Range conflicts broke out,
perhaps most notably the Johnson County War in Wyoming.
That deadly winter had changed cattle country. As The Rocky Mountain Husbandman newspaper in Diamond City, Montana, reported,
“…range husbandry is over, is ruined, destroyed, and it may have been by the
insatiable greed of its followers.”
Ranchers stopped keeping such gigantic stocks of cattle and
began larger farming operations in order to grow food for the animals they had.
Most also quit the open range, where livestock could roam far from grain
reserves, in favor of smaller, fenced in grazing territories. The winter of
1886-1887 signaled the beginning of the end to the days of roving cowboys and
the untamed western wilderness.
Foreigners felt leery about investing out West. Cowboys
became more of an iconic symbol than a constant presence. Cattle were no longer
king. Thousands of cowboys were out of jobs. Some drifted back East or looked
for work in Western towns. Others (like members of the Wild Bunch) turned to
less honorable pursuits that included rustling and outlawry.
Then future President Teddy Roosevelt wrote his friend,
Henry Cabot Lodge, “Well, we have had a
perfect smashup all through the cattle country of the northwest. The losses are
crippling. For the first time I have been utterly unable to enjoy a visit to my
ranch. I shall be glad to get home.”
Historians generally agree that Wyoming cattle losses during
that winter tend to be exaggerated. Larson thought overall the state lost about
15 percent of its herd, although operators in Crook and Carbon counties lost
roughly 25 percent of their stock. The Wyoming cattle business never again
achieved the stature it had from 1868 to 1886. Historians debate over when the
Old West died. The Great Die-Up may not have been the end, but the disaster
certainly played a role in finishing the era.
Winter of 1886–1887 was extremely harsh for much of
continental North America, especially the United States. Although it affected
other regions in the country, it is most known for its effects on the Western
United States and its cattle industry. This winter marked the end of the open
range era and led to the entire reorganization of ranching. Cattlemen reportedly
called the winter of 1886-87 the "Great Die-Up." That winter proved
again that nature could at any moment shatter all sense of human control.
Caroline Clemmons writes contemporary and historical western
romance. Her latest release is her contribution to the bestselling WILD WESTERN
WOMEN MISTLETOE, MONTANA. On November 29th, she will release ANGEL FOR CHRISTMAS. All her books are at her
Amazon
Author Page. Join her newsletter subscriber list for a FREE
novella
here.
Sources:
Elizabeth Ayers for
Montana Sky Kindle World authors.
