By Celia Yeary
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| CATHERINE SAGER |
When I began researching the Sager Orphans, the
thought struck me that one could hardly imagine the hardships, the tragedies,
and the sorrows of those pioneers who became part of the Great Westward Migration
in the mid-nineteenth century. In today's world, we know of many large groups
of people in Third World Countries who also suffer in this manner. However,
there is one big difference between the groups--Hope. The American pioneers
made the decision to trek across an entire country with the great desire to own
land and be one's own person--they had Hope.
Catherine Sager was the third child of seven
children, and the oldest girl. Her father had moved his growing family
three times, from Virginia, to Ohio, to Indiana, and then Platte County,
Missouri.
Henry Sager and his two oldest sons decided to head for Oregon
in the Pacific Northwest. Naomi agreed to go so the family would stay together.
In the autumn of 1843, they reached St. Joseph, Missouri, the starting point
for the Oregon Trail. The family wintered there, and in 1844 they joined a
group of 300 called The Independent
Colony.
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ROUTE OF THE
INDEPENDENT COLONY |
The Oregon Trail
In April 1844, the 300 people in 72 covered wagons crossed
the Missouri River and began their journey along the Oregon Trail. On July 6,
1844, the mother, Naomi Sager was severely injured as the Sager wagon
overturned in the shallow waters along the river bank. But the pioneers moved
on.
At the end of July 1844 the wagon train passed Chimney
Rock in Nebraska, making the spot where the Great Plains were almost crossed,
and the Rocky Mountains lay ahead.
A few hours before reaching Fort Laramie, Wyoming,
9-year-old Catherine caught her dress on an axe handle when she jumped out of
the moving wagon. Her leg got beneath one of the heavy wheels and was broken in
several places, an event that could have easily been fatal under the poor
sanitary conditions. Her father picked her up.
In a broken voice he exclaimed: "My dear child, your leg is broken all to
pieces!"
But Henry and a German doctor treated the leg and
Catherine was spared. The doctor stayed the family in order to care for
Catherine. However, she was confined to the wagon for the remainder of the
journey.
The Sager Orphans
On August 23, 1844, during the descent into the Green
River Valley which lay just over the Continental Divide, some of the group fell
ill to an outbreak of camp fever. Among those was Henry Sager. Soon, knowing he
would not survive, Henry asked Captain Shaw to take care of his family.
Naomi,
who had given birth to their seventh child, also contracted the fever. She
finally asked Dr. Dagon and Captain Shaw to escort the children to Dr. Marcus
Whitman, a Presbyterian missionary in the Walla Walla Valley of what is now the
southeastern part of Washington.
She died soon after.
The children, the youngest four months and the oldest
thirteen,
were orphaned for the first time.
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| THE WHITMAN MISSION |
The Whitman Massacre
Marcus and Narcissa Whitman adopted the children and kept
them at the mission house in present day Washington. There, the Whitmans opened
their arms and their hearts to the children. In a written first-hand account of
their journey across the plains and their life with the Whitmans, Catherine 's
work is regarded as one of the most authentic accounts of the American westward
migration. When writing her story, she says of meeting the Whitmans:
"Thus
Mrs. Whitman found us. She was a large, well-formed woman, fair complexioned,
with beautiful auburn hair, nose rather large, and large gray eyes. She had on
a dark calico dress and gingham sunbonnet. We thought as we shyly looked at her
that she was the prettiest woman we had ever seen. She spoke kindly to us as
she came up, but like frightened things we ran behind the cart, peeping shyly
around at her. She then addressed the boys, asking why they wept, adding:
"Poor boys. no wonder you weep!" She then began to arrange things as
we threw them out, at the same time conversing with an Indian woman sitting on
the ground nearby."
From: "Across the Plains."
Marcus
farmed and provided medical care, while Narcissa set up a school the for Native
American children. In the early days, life was peaceful at the Whitman Mission.
But the peaceful coexistence between the white missionaries and the local
Cayuse was in a delicate balance.
Three
years after the arrival of the Sager Orphans, the Cayuse attacked the mission.
The
Whitman massacre ended with fourteen people dead, including Narcissa and
Marcus, and two Sager children, John and Francis. Fifty-four women and children
were captured and held for ransom, including all the Sager girls. Louisa Sager,
age 6, died during captivity.
One
month after the massacre, on December 29, 1847, the remaining forty-nine
prisoners were ransomed for blankets, shirts, rifles, ammunition, tobacco, and
flint.
"All of us wept
as we drove away from that scene of suffering; wept for joy at our escape and
for sorrow for those who had been slain and could not go with us. As we left an
Indian woman came from a lodge nearby and told us to hasten for our lives, that
her people had repented and were coming to kill us. We made all speed we could,
and as darkness came on the welcome walls of the fort loomed dimly before us
and we were soon inside, but did not feel safe until a week afterwards, we
reached the settlements. Thus ended our captivity among the Indians."
From: "Across the Plains."
Four
Sager children remained, all girls.
They
were split up and all married young. Henrietta, the youngest, died at age 26,
mistakenly shot by an outlaw.
Catherine, Elizabeth, and Matilda lived into old age.
In 1897, more than 3,000 visitors attended the 50th
anniversary commemoration of the massacre on the mission grounds.
Invited as guests of honor were some of the survivors of
the events of 1847, including Catherine Sager Pringle, Elizabeth Sager Helm and
Matilda Sager Delaney, the last survivors of the Sager orphans.
About ten years after her arrival in Oregon, Catherine
Sager wrote an account of the Sager
family's journey west. She hoped to earn enough money to set up an orphanage in
the memory of Narcissa Whitman. She never found a publisher.
She died on August
10, 1910, at the age of 75.
Her children and grandchildren saved her manuscript
without modification, and today it is regarded as one of the most authentic
accounts of the American westward migration.
Celia Yeary
Resources
Text from Across the Plains: http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/two/sager1.htm
Wikipedia-The Sager Orphans
Lecture Notes provided by Anna Kathryn Lanier-"A
Journey Fraught With Danger"
