VIVA LAS VEGAS - A short history of the city By CHERI KAY CLIFTON

VIVA LAS VEGAS!

A short history of the city

My husband and I recently moved to Henderson, Nevada to be closer to our son, who is a retired air force colonel and now a civilian instructor at Nellis AFB.  Living so close to Las Vegas, I thought it would be interesting to look up some history about this famous, and yes, infamous city.

Canyon petroglyphs (rock carvings) attest to human presence in southern Nevada for more than 10,000 years, and members of the Paiute tribe were in the area as early as A.D. 700. The first person of European ancestry to enter the Las Vegas valley was Rafael Rivera, who scouted the area in 1821 as part of Antonio Armijo’s expedition to forge a trade route—the Old Spanish Trail—between New Mexico and California. Rivera named the valley Las Vegas – Spanish for “the meadows,” referring to its spring-watered grasses.

In 1905 the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake railroad arrived in Las Vegas, connecting the city with the Pacific and the country’s main rail networks. The downtown was platted and auctioned by railroad company backers, and Las Vegas was incorporated in 1911.

Nevada outlawed gambling in 1910 but the practice continued in speakeasies and illicit casinos. By the time gambling was legalized again in 1931, organized crime already had roots in the city. Infamous mobsters such as Bugsy Siegel and fellow thug, Meyer Lansky became major figures in the city’s criminal operations.

Benjamin "Bugsy" Seigel

The mob skimmed revenue from the casinos until the FBI finally cracked down on its racketeering operations in the early 1980s and, for all intent and purposes, eliminated organized crime’s influence from local resorts.

In 1931 construction began on the massive Boulder Dam (later renamed Hoover Dam), drawing thousands of workers to a site east of the city. Casinos and showgirl venues opened on Fremont Street, the town’s sole paved road, to attract the project’s workers. Hardly more than 5,000 people lived in Las Vegas then.

Today, 2.6 million people call Clark County home. That population boom has been tied directly to the phenomenal growth of gaming. The Wide-Open Gambling Bill of 1931 legalized gaming and transformed the sleepy railroad watering stop into an international city and popular tourist destination. Soon after the bill’s passage, casinos popped up in Las Vegas, with the first being the Meadows in May 1931. Ten years later, on desolate, windswept Highway 91 the El Rancho was built on what is now known as “the Strip.”

In the decades to follow, the Strip grew and expanded with signature hotels and casinos: Flamingo, Last Frontier, Riviera, Desert Inn, Sands, Dunes, Sahara, Circus Circus and Caesars Palace.  Later, some of the older resorts were replaced by megaresorts, like the MGM Grand, the Mirage, Treasure Island and the Bellagio.

Along with the gaming, the resorts became even more famous for their entertainment. The Rat Pack, led by Frank Sinatra and including singers Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr., comedian Joey Bishop and actor Peter Lawford debuted at the famed Sands’ Copa Room. Many headliners would follow on the Vegas stages, including the Beatles, Liberace, Wayne Newton and Siegfried & Roy.  Elvis Presley performed before an estimated 2.5 million people at the International Hilton before he died in 1977. Since then, scores of Elvis impersonators have performed throughout Las Vegas.

Las Vegas is home to more hotel rooms than any other resort city in the world. However, surrounded by wide-open desert and federal lands, the city can also lay claim to other sites and facilities of vital importance to the city’s economy. Completed in 1936, Hoover Dam has provided the region with significant protection from floodwaters, has generated more than 4 billion kilowatt-hours of affordable electricity annually and has long been a major supplier of farm irrigation and drinking water.

Shortly after the start of World War II, the government opened the Army’s Las Vegas gunnery school on land that in 1952 would become Nellis Air Force Base. Today that military installation is home to key international military exercises and the Thunderbirds Air Force demonstration squadron. 

 The Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) opened in 1951, sixty-five miles northwest of downtown Las Vegas. This large, geographically diverse outdoor testing, training and evaluation complex, is the preferred location for the National Nuclear Security Administration’s defense programs, as well as many other research and development efforts. Today the Test Site continues to be of vital national importance as a remote location for chemical tests and training for homeland security.

Born in Nebraska, Cheri Kay Clifton loved researching the Oregon Trail, historically known as the "Gateway to the West." Her passion for those brave pioneers, Native Americans and 19th Century America led her to write the epic western historical Wheels of Destiny Trilogy.  "I feel the historical old West is a major part of our heritage and we should enjoy learning about it.  Hopefully, by reading the fictional genre I write, my readers will not only enjoy the story but the historical background as well."

Cheri is married to her high school sweetheart and has one grown son.  If she’s not riding on the back of her husband’s Harley, she’s writing the Book 3 in the epic western historical Wheels of Destiny Trilogy

 www.cherikayclifton.com

The Wild Wonders of Hoover Dam by Sarah J. McNeal

One of the most fascinating places I’ve ever been was when I visited Hoover Dam, an American icon. Although I had seen it in movies and documentaries, nothing prepared me for the magnificence of it first hand and in person. It’s not just a dam to provide water and electricity to millions, it is also a work of art.

The unpredictable and powerful Colorado River overflowed its banks every spring and flooded the land. It caused the ruin of crops and loss of income for farmers all along its banks. If only there was a way to control the water from the Colorado in order to irrigate the land and provide drinking water for those who lived toward the south and to the west. Once electricity blossomed in towns across the U.S. people began to wonder if they could somehow use the Colorado to generate electricity. Taming the Colorado would be a mammoth undertaking even for the best engineers of the day. So, when the Government instructed the Bureau of Reclamation to come up with a solution, it was decided to build the world's largest dam.

Frank Crow and Walker Young

Frank Crow, general superintendent, and Walker Young  Engineer of Hoovered Dam were assigned the job to get it completed in the span from 1931 - 1935. The construction of Hoover took 7 years at a cost of $ 125 million. Nowadays this amount is about 788 million dollars. If the dam was not completed in the given time it would have cost the contractors $ 3000 / day in financial penalties.

The site chosen for the megastructure Hoover Dam was Black Canyon. It is an 800 feet high deep gorge through which the Colorado River flowed. The spot, Black canyon is in the middle of the desert, so there was no infrastructure, no labors, no transportation and the weather was harsh. 21,000 men took part in its construction and of them 112 laid their lives to complete this mega structure. Situated in Mojave Desert, 30 Km south-east of Las Vegas. Built on Colorado River at Black Canyon, the construction site was extremely difficult. The risks involved were huge and the consequences could have been catastrophic, if the dam failed.

The construction had to be done in stages. The first stage was necessary to divert the Colorado. It’s kind of difficult to build a dam while the river is pouring water over the area of construction. Just considering the diversion of the river is exhausting and mind-boggling.

In April 1931 blasting began for construction on the plain dry area where the dam would be placed. To divert the Colorado, 4 tunnels were excavated on each side of the Canyon, measuring 4000 feet long and 56 feet in diameter. These tunnels became diversion channels. Two tunnels were constructed on the Nevada side and another two were constructed on the Arizona side. Two small cofferdams were built to force water into the tunnels. Drilling, digging, and blasting along with debris removal continued for 13 months, with men working 3 shifts 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Holidays were observed only at Christmas, 4th July and Labor Day.

Apache Indians hired to work on high scaffolding

The workers faced harsh conditions but were paid only 40% extra for this arduous and often dangerous work. No proper ventilation was provides, work was extremely physically demanding. Men had to swing 100's of feet down the canyon walls to remove dangerous loose rocks, using jacks and dynamites. Due to lack of safety measure men required nerves of steel. 

Workers swinging on the side of the canyon

The most common cause of death was, being hit by falling rocks. But the construction of Hoover Dam took place during the years of the Great Depression and workers were actually happy to be hired no matter the danger of the work involved.

Because no roads led into the canyon, men and equipment arrived at the work site by boat. Workers used 500 pneumatic drills, hoses, and compressors to make holes in the canyon rock where explosives could be placed. Once holes were drilled, workers used dynamite to blast into the rock and break it into smaller pieces that could be hauled away by dump trucks. A ton of dynamite was needed for every 14 feet of tunnel in the canyon walls. Special teams visited the inside of the tunnels to ensure it would remain safe for the workers to work inside. The tunnels were lined with concrete. By using this technique, the workers were able to blast and excavate large diversion tunnels, each of which was about the size of a 4-lane highway, lined with 3 feet of concrete. These tunnels allowed the river water to be transported away from the construction site at a rate of 1.5 million gallons per second. By November, 14, 1932, the 4 tunnels began to divert the water away from the site and the workers made alternate cofferdams by using 100 trucks to dump dirt, rock, and debris into the water at a rate of one truckload every 15 seconds. This amazing pace of dredging and dumping went on for many months.

At this point Stage 2 of construction began. This was the stage in which the actual dam was built. The work was huge and there were many problems in design which needed to be solved. Hoover is an arch gravity dam, incorporating two principles.

Arial View of Hoover Dam

The first principle has to do with the weight of the dam forces into the ground due to its weight, thus helping it to remain stable. The second principle is that the arch shape of the dam deflects the force of the water into the canyon walls through the compression of the dam's concrete walls, using the compressive strength of concrete because concrete is very strong in compression. The major problem now was the pouring of 3.4 million cubic meters of concrete. Plants were installed at the construction site to produce concrete locally. But the dam was too big to be made into a single concrete mount. If the concrete in the dam was poured in only one go, the concrete would not have settled even by today. When the ingredients of concrete - cement, sand, coarse aggregate combine in the presence of water, they start a chemical reaction, resulting in the generation of internal heat which slows down the curing process. The larger the pour, the longer the cure. If heat is not dispersed, cracks would form and weaken the structure.

                                      Concrete Dam Forms

The solution to the heat generating problem was to pour the concrete in layers of interlocking blocks, each 5 feet tall. To accelerate the setting of concrete, cool water pipes were passed through each block. The concrete mix was cooled and cured faster.  Then the next layer was poured. To speed up pouring of concrete in the mega structure, an elaborate overhead network of cables and pulleys was designed, carrying vast buckets of concrete. Labors stayed on the site to spread, place and compact the poured in concrete. Due to this new method, a record breaking volume - 8000 cubic meters of concrete was poured in a single day.

Secretary of the Interior Ray L. Wilbur announced the structure would be called Hoover Dam at a 1930 dedication ceremony, though the name didn’t become official until 1947. September 30, 1935 President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated the completed dam.

The Hoover Dam Angels

I couldn’t help but notice the Art Nuevo design used for the decorative columns in Hoover Dam. They are impressive and beautiful.

The Star Map in the center of the floor

Hanson Bas Relief on the inside wall of the dam

Here are some factoids for your inquisitive minds:

726.4 feet high (221 m)

1,244 feet wide (379 m)

660 feet (203 m) thick at the base

45 feet (13 m) thick at the top

$165 million dollars to build

4.5 years to build

4.4 million yards of concrete used for construction

March 1931 building began

September 30, 1935 completed

Powerhouse

17 generators

4+ billion kilowatt hours produced each year

10 acres of floor space

Power used by:

56% California

25% Nevada

19% Arizona

Lake Mead took 6.5 years to fill (A slow filling process was required to lessen the pressure change on the dam and to help prevent small earthquakes due to land settlement.)

589 feet (181 m) at the deepest point

247 square miles in size

110 miles (176 km) long

Named after Dr. Elwood Mead, Commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation (1924 - 1936)

Largest man made reservoir in the United States

 Hoover Dam Memorial by Oskar J. W. Hanson

And there you have it, the great, iconic Hoover Dam. An engineering accomplishment and a work of art.  

Sarah J. McNeal is a multi-published author of several genres including time travel, paranormal, western and historical fiction. She is a retired ER and Critical Care nurse who lives in North Carolina with her four-legged children, Lily, the Golden Retriever and Liberty, the cat. Besides her devotion to writing, she also has a great love of music and plays several instruments including violin, bagpipes, guitar and harmonica. Her books and short stories may be found at Prairie Rose Publications and its imprints Painted Pony Books, and Fire Star Press. She welcomes you to her website and social media:

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