THIS DAY IN HISTORY By Cheri Kay Clifton

 September 4, 1886

On September 4, 1886, Apache leader, Geronimo

surrendered to U.S. government troops.

For 30 years, the Native American warrior had battled to protect his tribe’s homeland, but by 1886 the Apaches were exhausted and hopelessly outnumbered. General Nelson Miles accepted Geronimo’s surrender, making him the last Native American warrior to formally give in to U.S. forces and signaling the end of the Indian Wars in the Southwest.

Geronimo was born in 1829; his boyhood name was Goyahkla, which meant “The one who yawns,” but as a young man he earned the moniker “Geronimo” after distinguishing himself in Apache raids against the Mexicans. The source of the name remains the subject of debate. Some historians believed it arose from frightened Mexican soldiers invoking the Catholic St. Jerome when facing the warrior in battle, while others argue that it was simply a Mexican nickname or a mispronunciation of “Goyahkla.”

 Geronimo grew up in what is now Arizona and Mexico. His tribe, the Chiricahua Apaches, clashed with non-Native settlers trying to take their land. In 1858, Geronimo’s mother, wife and three young children were murdered by Mexicans. Seeking revenge, he later led raids against Mexican and American settlers.

In 1874, the U.S. government forced Geronimo and his people from their land to a reservation in east-central Arizona. Conditions on the reservation were restrictive and harsh and Geronimo and some of his followers escaped. 

Over the next decade, they battled federal troops and raided white settlements. During this time, Geronimo and his supporters were forced back onto the reservation several times. In 1885, Geronimo and his followers fled one last time. They were pursued into Mexico by 5,000 U.S. troops. In March 1886, General George Crook forced Geronimo to surrender; again, he escaped and continued his raids. General Nelson Miles (1839–1925) then took over the pursuit of Geronimo and forced him to surrender near Fort Bowie along the Arizona-New Mexico border.

He and a band of Apaches were sent to Florida and then Alabama, eventually ending up at the Comanche and Kiowa reservation near Fort Sill, Oklahoma Territory. There, he became a successful farmer and converted to Christianity.

When the Apaches were transferred from Alabama to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, in 1896, Geronimo had been a prisoner of war for ten years. It was during this period that Goyahkla and his brand name, Geronimo, really started to become more well known.

In 1904, Geronimo was invited to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in St. Louis. He was offered a dollar a day, but settled on $100 a month. He stayed at the fair for six months.

He was accompanied everywhere by two armed soldiers, who stood on either side of him. The effect created the aura that the warrior was still dangerous, even though he was 75 years old. Geronimo said, “I’m glad I went to the Fair. I saw many interesting things and learned much of the white people. They are a very kind and peaceful people. During all the time I was at the Fair no one tried to harm me in any way. Had this been among the Mexicans I am sure I should have been compelled to defend myself often.”

He participated in President Theodore Roosevelt’s inaugural parade in 1905.

In 1906, the Apache leader dictated his autobiography. He told his story through a native interpreter to S. M. Barrett, an Oklahoma school superintendent. Barrett explains in his introduction, "I wrote to President Roosevelt that here was an old Indian who had been held a prisoner of war for twenty years and had never been given a chance to tell his side of the story, and asked that Geronimo be granted permission to tell for publication, in his own way, the story of his life."

This remarkable testament is the result. It begins with Geronimo's retelling of an Apache creation myth and his descriptions of his youth and family. He explains his military tactics as well as traditional practices, including hunting and religious rituals, and reflects upon his hope for the survival of his people and their culture.

Geronimo died of pneumonia at Fort Sill, Oklahoma on February 17, 1909 and is buried in Beef Creek Apache Cemetery in Fort Sill.

Geronimo's gravesite

Geronimo had at least 10 wives (some historians say 12) and 7 children.

Pictured with him are his last wife, Zi-yeh and their daughter, Eva.

Here's my latest release of Book 3 of the Wheels of Destiny Trilogy, Yesteryear's Destiny, which is a historical western time-travel story that continues the Herrington family saga.

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The Truth About Cochise And The Kidnapping of Felix Tellez by Sarah J. mcNeal

Way back when there were only 2 or 3 channels on TV my mother found a broken down old TV for about $5 and it lasted a few weeks. I remember in that period of time a cowboy and Indian program titled “Broken Arrow”. The famous American Indian, Cochise, was portrayed as a hero and played by Michael Ansara. I don’t know if any of you remember the program or Michael Ansara, but he married the actress who played “My Favorite Genie.” 

Michael Ansara as Cochise

Anyway, I have this certain fascination with Cochise and it turns out there a bit of mystery surrounding him.

The Real Cochise

Cochise is remembered because of his part in the conflict between Native Americans and the European settlers who invaded the West. Not much is known about him before he became a leader of the Chiricahua Apaches in Northern New Mexico and Southern Arizona. After decades of conflicts and raids between the Apaches and settlers, both the Europeans and Mexicans on their traditional lands eventually led to the involvement of the United States Military and the establishment of the reservation on the southeastern edge of the territory.

But the conflict with the Anglo-Americans actually began from a misunderstanding. The Apaches attacked a ranch belonging to an Irish-American named John Ward in October of 1860 and kidnapped his adopted son, Felix Tellez. Ward was not at the ranch when the attack occurred, but he was certain the leader of the raid was Cochise. Ward got fired up and demanded that the U.S. Military find Cochise and get Felix back and make Cochise pay for taking the boy. The military did as they were asked and dispatched a force under the command of Lieutenant George Bascom. Cochise had no idea he and his men were in danger so he responded to a request by Bascom to join him for a night of entertainment at a nearby stage station. Naturally, when the Apache arrived, Bascom’s soldiers arrested them. It was sneaky—sort of like the way the FBI catches criminals by making the criminal believe he has won the lottery. The criminal goes to collect his winnings only to learn he has won an arrest and some jail time.

Cochise tried to tell Bascom that he had nothing to do with the kidnapping of Felix Tellez, but the lieutenant refused to believe him. Instead, he ordered Cochise be kept as a hostage until the boy was returned. Cochise, not the kind of man who was going to be imprisoned unjustly, used his knife to cut a hole in the tent where he was held in and escaped. I’m thinking how stupid it was to use a tent as a jail and not take weapons from a suspect, but what do I know.

Following his escape, over the next decade, Cochise and his warriors increased their raids on American settlements and occasionally had skirmishes with soldiers. Some of the settlers panicked and abandoned their homes. The Apache raids took hundreds of lives and caused hundreds of thousands of dollars in property damages. You know how this goes, whatever you do, don’t cause damage to property for Pete’s sake. By 1872, the U.S. was getting fed up with all this and grew anxious for peace. The U.S. government offered Cochise and his people a huge reservation in the southeastern corner of Arizona Territory if they would cease hostilities. Cochise agreed, saying, “The white man and the Indian are to drink of the same water, eat of the same bread, and be at peace.” At this point you just want to holler out to Cochise and say something like, “Hey, don’t you know better than to believe the government?” But you know, American Indians hadn’t learned this vital lesson yet.

The great chief did not get to enjoy his hard earned peace very long because in 1874, he became seriously ill, it is thought perhaps from stomach cancer and died. That night his warriors painted his body yellow, black, and vermilion, and took him deep into the Dragoon Mountains. They lowered his body and weapons into a rocky crevice, the exact location of which remains unknown. Today, however, that section of the Dragoon Mountains is known as Cochise’s Stronghold.

Now comes the sad part. About a decade after Cochise died, Felix Tellez–the boy whose kidnapping had started the war–resurfaced as an Apache-speaking scout for the U.S. Army. He reported that a group of Western Apache, not Cochise, had kidnapped him. Well, don’t that beat all?

Sarah J. McNeal is a multi-published author of several genres including time travel, paranormal, western and historical fiction. She is a retired ER and Critical Care nurse who lives in North Carolina with her four-legged children, Lily, the Golden Retriever and Liberty, the cat. Besides her devotion to writing, she also has a great love of music and plays several instruments including violin, bagpipes, guitar and harmonica. Her books and short stories may be found at Prairie Rose Publications and its imprints Painted Pony Books, and Fire Star Press. Some of her fantasy and paranormal books may also be found at Publishing by Rebecca Vickery and Victory Tales Press. She welcomes you to her website and social media:

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